SCI
29Janurary
SteeringCARTCellsintoSolidTumors
BrownMH,DustinML.SteeringCARTCellsintoSolidTumors.NewEnglandJournalofMedicine;:-91.
FromtheSirWilliamDunnSchoolofPathology(M.H.B.)andtheKennedyInstituteofRheumatology(M.L.D.),UniversityofOxford,Oxford,UnitedKingdom.
Chimericantigenreceptor(CAR)Tcellshavebeenstrikinglysuccessfulinthetreatmentofhematologiccancersbuthavenotbeeneffectiveagainstsolidtumorsthusfar.ArecentreportbySamahaandcolleaguespresentsapreclinicalversionofCART-celltherapyforasolidtumor,glioblastoma.TheseinvestigatorsengineeredaCARTcelltoexpressahomingmolecule(anadhesionmolecule),whichallowsittotethertoandthenmigratethroughtheendothelialcellsthatmakeupthevasculatureperfusingamousemodelofglioblastoma.TheirapproachisbuiltonthedetailedstudyoftumorendothelialphenotypesandadhesionpathwaysthataffectT-cellendothelialtransmigration.
嵌合抗原受体(CAR)T细胞在白血病的治疗中获得了明显成功,但迄今为止尚未证实其对实体肿瘤有效的治疗作用。Samaha及其同事最近报告了CART细胞治疗一种实体肿瘤—胶质母细胞瘤的临床前试验。这些研究人员设计了一种CART细胞来表达一种归巢分子(一种粘附分子),这种分子允许CART细胞粘附并穿过组成脉管系统的内皮细胞,让CART细胞漫布胶质母细胞瘤小鼠模型。他们的方法建立在对肿瘤内皮细胞的表型和影响T细胞内皮转运的粘附通路仔细研究的基础上。
Complicationsofnatalizumab,adrugtargetinganintegrinadhesionmoleculeusedinthetreatmentofmultiplesclerosis,havetaughtusthatimmunecellsnormallycrosstheblood–brainbarrierandcarryoutsurveillanceofthecentralnervoussystem(CNS)forviralinfection.Samahaetal.startedwiththeobservationthattheendotheliumofthevasculaturethatsuppliesglioblastomasdown-regulatesligandsoftheintegrinadhesins,whichareexpressedbyeffectorTcellsandarepivotaltomostmechanismsgoverningaccesstotheCNS,butup-regulatesanalternativehomingligand,theactivatedleukocytecelladhesionmolecule(ALCAM),otherwiseknownasCD.
纳塔利珠单抗(natalizumab)是一种靶向整合素粘附分子的药物,用于治疗多发性硬化症。它的并发症告诉我们,免疫细胞通常会穿过血脑屏障,监视中枢神经系统(centralneurosystem,CNS)的病*感染。Samaha等人最开始观察到供应胶质母细胞瘤的血管内皮细胞下调整合素粘附素配体,而这些黏附素配体是效应T细胞表达的,对控制中枢神经系统通路的大多数机制都至关重要。同时,这些内皮细胞又上调了另一种归巢配体,即活化的白细胞黏附分子(ALCAM),CD。
ALCAMbindstoatransmembranereceptoronTcells,CD6,whichfacilitatesT-cellmigrationacrosstheblood–brainbarrierintotheCNS.Samahaetal.foundthattheforcedexpressionofanengineeredCD6-basedhomingsystembyCARTcellseffectivelysteeredtheseengineeredcellsintothetumorandimprovedcontrolofglioblastomainanorthotopicmodel.ThestudysupportsanewphaseofengineeringofCARTcellsandprovideslessonsthatmaybeusefulinthedesignoffutureimmunotherapies.
ALCAM与T细胞上的跨膜受体CD6结合,促进T细胞穿过血脑屏障进入中枢神经系统。Samaha等人发现,CART细胞强表达的一种基于CD6的人工设计的归巢系统,可以有效地将这些“工程细胞”引导到肿瘤中,并在原位模型中增强了对胶质母细胞瘤的控制。这项研究推动CART细胞工程进入一个新阶段,并提供了可能对未来免疫疗法的设计有借鉴意义。
First,Samahaetal.modifiedCD6toworkasahomingsystem.TheCD6proteinnormallycontainsthreedomains,calledscavengerreceptorcysteine-rich(SRCR)domains,butonlyoneofthesedomains,theonethatisproximaltothetransmembraneregion,bindsALCAM.TheauthorsreasonedthatiftheycouldengineeraCD6moleculethatpresentedmultiplebindingdomainstoALCAM,theycouldincreasetheadhesionoftheTcelltothevascularendotheliumandthusinitiatethenextwaveofadhesionnecessaryfortransmigration.
首先,Samaha等人对CD6进行了改良,使其成为一个归巢系统。CD6蛋白通常包含三个结构域,称为清道夫受体半胱氨酸富集(SRCR)结构域,但只有其中一个结构域(接近跨膜区域的结构域)可与ALCAM结合。作者推断,如果他们能够设计出一种CD6分子,使其与ALCAM表达多个结合域,那么他们就可以增加T细胞与血管内皮的粘附,从而启动迁移所需的下级粘附。
TherationaleforremovalofthetwoN-terminalSRCRdomainswasbasednotonlyontheirlackofdirectinteractionwithALCAMbutalsoontheobservationthattheirpresenceinnativeCD6mighthinderligandrecognition.TheycreatedthreedifferentnewversionsofCD6,withone,three,andfivecopiesofthemembraneproximalSRCRdomainofnativeCD6(seeFig.1foradepictionofoneofthese)andtestedtheseinorthotopicmousemodelsofglioblastomaandmedulloblastoma.
去除这两个N端SRCR区域的原因不仅在于它们与ALCAM缺乏直接的相互作用,还在于观察到它们在天然CD6中的存在可能阻碍配体识别。他们创造了三种不同的新CD6版本,包括一个、三个和五个天然CD6的膜近端SRCR区域拷贝并在成胶质细胞瘤和成神经管细胞瘤的原位小鼠模型中进行了实验。
TheyobservedthatTcellsthatexpressedthehomingsystemhaveimprovedhomingtothesetumorswheninjectedintravenously.Theprocesswasselectivefortumorendothelium,withnodetectionofinfiltrationintonormalbraintissue,andpreferentialrecruitmentofengineeredas